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Course Outline

Relational database models

  • The structure of a relational database
  • Table connection types
  • Database normalisation and denormalisation
  • Relational operators

Retrieving data

  • Rules for writing SQL queries
  • SELECT syntax
  • Selecting all columns
  • Queries using arithmetic operations
  • Column aliases
  • Literals
  • Concatenation operator

Limiting results

  • The WHERE clause
  • Comparison operators
  • LIKE condition
  • BETWEEN ... AND condition
  • IS NULL condition
  • IN condition
  • Boolean operators: AND, OR and NOT
  • Multiple conditions in the WHERE clause
  • Operator precedence
  • DISTINCT clause

Sorting data

  • The ORDER BY clause
  • Sorting by multiple columns or expressions

SQL functions

  • Differences between single-row and multi-row functions
  • Text, numeric and date functions
  • Explicit and implicit conversion
  • Conversion functions
  • Nesting functions
  • Viewing function performance using the DUAL table
  • Retrieving the current date using the SYSDATE function
  • Handling NULL values

Aggregating data using grouping

  • Grouping functions
  • How grouping functions treat NULL values
  • Creating data groups using the GROUP BY clause
  • Grouping by multiple columns
  • Limiting grouped function results using the HAVING clause

Retrieving data from multiple tables

  • Types of joins
  • Using NATURAL JOIN
  • Table aliases
  • Joins in the WHERE clause
  • INNER JOIN
  • Outer joins: LEFT, RIGHT and FULL OUTER JOIN
  • Cartesian product

Subqueries

  • Placing subqueries within the SELECT statement
  • Single-row and multi-row subqueries
  • Operators for single-row subqueries
  • Grouping features in subqueries
  • Operators for multi-row subqueries: IN, ALL, ANY
  • How NULL values are treated in subqueries

Set operators

  • UNION operator
  • UNION ALL operator
  • INTERSECT operator
  • MINUS operator

Inserting, updating and deleting data

  • INSERT command
  • Coping data from another table
  • UPDATE command
  • DELETE command
  • TRUNCATE command

Transactions

  • COMMIT, ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT commands

DDL commands

  • Key database objects
  • Naming rules for objects
  • Creating tables
  • Data types available for columns
  • DEFAULT option
  • NULL and NOT NULL options

Managing tables

  • Referential integrity: CHECK, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE
  • Creating a table using a query
  • Deleting a table: DROP TABLE
  • DESCRIBE command

Other schema objects

  • Sequences
  • Synonyms
  • Views

Requirements

  • Computer literacy
  • Knowledge of any operating system
 21 Hours

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